Thesis Edith Wharton and New York Essay

Thesis Edith Wharton and New York Essay Thesis: Edith Wharton and New York Essay Edith Wharton Edith Wharton, born on January 24, 1862, in New York City, NY, wrote about the corrupt society of New York’s elite, which she had been a part of throughout her life. Her parents were very prominent on the social scene. George Jones of â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses† and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander introduced Wharton and her two brothers to the harsh, judgmental society of the New York elite. From her birth, gossip was spread about who Wharton’s real father was. It was believed that her mother cheated on her father with the family’s English tutor, who was Wharton’s real dad. The truth has not been proven, but Wharton believed the rumors. After the Civil War, her parents moved the family to Europe because it was safer there than it was in the states at the time. Throughout her childhood, Wharton’s family travelled between Europe and various places in the American Northeast. By age 18, Wharton had begun to publish poems in magazines and had become very prominent in society, like her parents. She fell in love with a man, Walter Berry; however, she became engaged to an older, wealthier Bostonian, Edward Wharton. In 1885, they were married. Wharton began by writing design books, like The Decoration of Houses, published in 1897. In 1902, her estate, The Mount, was finished in Lenox, MA, where The House of Mirth was written. Edith and her husband travelled back and forth between their estate in Lenox, MA, and Europe. Edward Wharton’s mental state was diminishing around 1908, the same time when Wharton began to have an affair with Morton Fullerton, whom she found to be an intellectual partner in contrast with her husband. They were divorced in 1913, two years after Wharton moved to Europe permanently. In 1920, The Age of Innocence was published, which is thought of as her best book and earned Wharton the Pulitzer prize in 1921; the first time it had ever been awarded to a woman. Throughout her years, she socialized w ith the most elite of the time, including Theodore Roosevelt and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Her long-time love, Walter Berry, never fully left her life until he died in 1927. When Wharton died of a stroke on August 11, 1937, she was buried next to Berry in the American Cemetery in Versailles, France. Springer, Marlene. â€Å"Edith Newbold Jones Wharton.† American Women Writers. Vol. 4. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982. Print. â€Å"Wharton, Edith (Newbold Jones) (1862-1937). â€Å"Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia of American Literature. George B. Perkins, and Philip Leininger. Vol. 1. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. 1119. Literature Resource Center. 29 Jan. 2013. Outline I. Introduction A. Thesis: In The Age of Innocence and The House of Mirth, Wharton illustrates society’s harsh influence on individuals through the characters Newland and Lily as they face a decision to stick to what society wants or to follow their hearts to ultimate happiness. Through these characters’ decisions, Wharton reveals the negative consequences of conforming to society rather than following one’s heart and passion. B. Newland’s choice between innocence and passion C. Lily’s struggle to live the life society wants for her II. Newland Archer A. His life and attitude before he meets Ellen; the life he thinks he wants with May B. The shift in thought he has after meeting Ellen; the choice arises between society’s influence and his passion C. Newland’s decision and the aftermath of his decision D. How the title relates to the innocence of May versus the passion of Ellen III. Lily Bart A. Her desire to fit in to society’s mold and lack of personal decision making while still wanting independence B. The decision she faces to conform to money or marry Selden C. Aftermath of her decision and Selden moving on after her D. Her demise and inability to live her dreams after she chooses to E. How the title relates to Lily’s foolishness while trying to fit in to

Battle of Cedar Creek - The Battle of Cedar Creek - Civil War 1864

Battle of Cedar Creek - The Battle of Cedar Creek - Civil War 1864 Battle of Cedar Creek - Conflict Date: The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought October 19, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridan31,945 men Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early21,000 men Battle of Cedar Creek - Moving to Contact: After a succession of defeats at the hands of Major General Philip Sheridans Army of the Shenandoah in early fall 1864, Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early retreated up the Shenandoah Valley to regroup. Believing that Early was beaten, Sheridan began making plans to return Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps to Petersburg to aid in Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants efforts to take the city. Understanding the valleys importance as a source of food and supplies for his army, General Robert E. Lee dispatched reinforcements to Early. With his army augmented, Early pushed north to Fishers Hill on October 13, 1864. Learning of this, Sheridan recalled VI Corps to his armys camp along Cedar Creek. Though alarmed by Earlys move, Sheridan still elected to attend a conference in Washington and left Wright in command of the army. Returning, Sheridan spent the night of October 18/19 at Winchester, approximately fourteen miles north of Cedar Creek. While Sheridan was away, Major General John Gordon and topographical engineer Jedediah Hotchkiss ascended Massanutten Mountain and surveyed the Union position. From their vantage point, they determined that the Union left flank was vulnerable. Wright believed that it was protected by the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and had arrayed the army to repel an attack on its right. Developing a daring attack plan, the two presented it to Early who immediately approved it. At Cedar Creek, the Union army was in camp with Major General George Crooks VII Corps near the river, Major General William Emorys XIX Corps in the center, and Wrights VI Corps on right. On the far right was Major General Alfred Torberts Cavalry Corps with divisions led by Brigadier Generals Wesley Merritt and George Custer. On the night of October 18/19, Earlys command moved out in three columns. Marching by moonlight, Gordon led a three-division column along the base of Massanutten to McInturffs and Colonel Bowmans fords. Capturing the Union pickets, they crossed the river and formed on Crooks left flank around 4:00 AM. To the west, Early moved north up the Valley Turnpike with the divisions of Major General Joseph Kershaw and Brigadier General Gabriel Wharton. Battle of Cedar Creek - The Fighting Begins: Moving through Strasburg, Early remained with Kershaw as the division moved right and formed just past Bowmans Mill Ford. Wharton continued up the turnpike and deployed on Hupps Hill. Though a heavy fog descended on the field around dawn, the battle commenced at 5:00 AM when Kershaws men opened fire and advanced on Crooks front. A few minutes later, Gordons assault began again Brigadier General Rutherford B. Hayes division on Crooks left. Catching the Union troops by surprise in their camps, the Confederates succeeded in quickly routing Crooks men. Believing that Sheridan was at nearby Belle Grove plantation, Gordon drove his men on in the hopes of capturing the Union general. Alerted to the danger, Wright and Emory began working to form a defensive line along the Valley Turnpike. As this resistance began to take shape, Wharton attacked across Cedar Creek at Stickleys Mill. Taking the Union lines to his front, he men captured seven guns. Under heavy pressure and fire from Confederate artillery across the creek, Union forces were steadily pushed back past Belle Grove. With Crook and Emorys corps badly beaten, VI Corps formed a strong defensive line anchored on Cedar Creek and covering the higher ground north of Bell Grove. Repulsing attacks from Kershaw and Gordons men, they provided time for their comrades to retreat to the north of nearby Middletown. Having halted Earlys attacks, VI Corps withdrew as well. While the infantry regrouped, Torberts cavalry, having defeated a weak thrust by Brigadier General Thomas Rossers Confederate horse, moved to the left of the new Union line above Middletown. This movement caused Early to shift troops to meet the potential threat. Advancing north of Middletown, Early formed a new line opposite the Union position, but failed to press his advantage believing he had already won a victory and due to many of his men having halted to pillage the Union camps. Having learned of the fighting, Sheridan departed Winchester and, riding at high speed, arrived on the field around 10:30 AM. Quickly assessing the situation, he placed VI Corps on the left, along the Valley Pike and XIX Corps on the right. Crooks shattered corps was put in reserve. Battle of Cedar Creek - The Tide Turns: Shifting Custers division to his right flank, Sheridan rode across the front of his new line to rally the men before preparing a counterattack. Around 3:00 PM, Early launched a minor attack which was easily defeated. Thirty minutes later XIX Corps and Custer advanced against the Confederate left which was in the air. Extending his line west, Custer thinned Gordons division which was holding Earlys flank. Then launching a massive assault, Custer overran Gordons men causing the Confederate line to start breaking from west to east. At 4:00 PM, with Custer and XIX Corps having success, Sheridan ordered a general advance. With Gordon and Kershaws men breaking on the left, Major General Stephen Ramseurs division mounted a stiff defense in the center until their commander fell mortally wounded. His army disintegrating, Early began retreating south, pursued by Union cavalry. Harried until after dark, Early lost most of his artillery when the bridge at Spanglers Ford collapsed. Aftermath of the Battle of Cedar Creek: In the fighting at Cedar Creek, Union forces suffered 644 dead, 3,430 wounded, and 1,591 missing/captured, while the Confederates lost 320 dead, 1,540 wounded, 1050 missing/captured. In addition, Early lost 43 guns and the bulk of his supplies. Having failed to retain the momentum of the mornings successes, Early was overwhelmed by Sheridans charismatic leadership and ability to rally his men. The defeat effectively gave control of the valley to the Union and eliminated Earlys army as an effective force. In addition, coupled with Union successes at Mobile Bay and Atlanta, the victory virtually ensured the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln.