Mill Workers free essay sample

The women and young girls had to work on the large machines and had to go fast. There was a lot of dangers for them, young factory girls didn’t save money for themselves and gave it to their families. Japans workers rarely got to see their families. Women played a big part in the revolution because they replaced many men therefore the women were paid less. They jump started the industrial revolution. Woman in both England and Japan had to work long and hard hours in assembly lines. The long hours and low wages made Japans textile industry successful. How similar were their experiences? In England the percent of females in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex in 1833 was at 96%. 53% of that 96% is females under the age of 16 years old. The percent of men there is 4. The English textile industries in 1841 had about 48,000 female workers under 20, and 65,000 20 and older working in cotton manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Mill Workers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That wasn’t all the jobs there was. There was Silk Manufacturing, Lace Manufacturing, and Woolen Manufacturing. The total of all those jobs out of all those women working were 171,000. The Gender and Ages in the Silk Factories in Japan in 1901 were high too. The percentage of female workers was at 92. The percentages of men were at 8. The ages, 14 and under were at 2,184 workers in 205 mills. The total amounts of female workers in the 205 mills were at 12,519. In 1902 there were 25 million people gainfully employed in Japan, mostly farming. 499,000 of that 25 million worked in industry, while 269,000 worked in the textile industry. The silk mill workers constituted a majority of the textile workers. The factory girls in Japan were in neat assembly lines, working nonstop. For example, In Wigan, England, the year 1840, a nine year old is working, earnings were potentially high, the working hours were horrendous. The weekdays some started work at 5:30 a. m. and finished the day at 8 p. m. Included into this working hours were a thirty-five minute break for breakfast and a fifty-five minute break for dinner. On the Saturday, they worked another whole nine hours. Sundays were their day off. These hours working were straining of these women and children especially the children. The children worked the same hours as an adult. A study by the government in Japan of 1900 showed us that a normal working day in Okaya was thirteen to fourteen hours. During their busy season, these workers were thrown from their beds at 4:05 a. m. , sent to go to work at 4:30 to 6, given 15 minutes for breakfast, and then sent back to work by 6:15. They were all allowed to 15 minutes for lunch, had a break between 10:30 and 10:45, also a 10 minute break from 3:30 to 3:40. If they weren’t doing that they were kept busy at all times and were kept until 10 p. m. In the 1800’s a Japanese worker averaged one holiday every two weeks off.

Azerbaijan Economic Development

Azerbaijan Economic Development Problem Identification The Azerbaijan economy has developed significantly since the Soviet Union collapsed, but its GPD has fluctuated in past two decades. This means that the overall economy is unstable. Azerbaijan is among the East European countries that have rich natural resources, but have failed to use this wealth to move toward modernization.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Azerbaijan Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Azerbaijan’s economic development faces massive problems related to the limits of its resources (United Nations., and Economic Commission for Europe. 2003). The economy is one-sided, because it depends heavily on petroleum production and oil prices, and these are obstacles to its long-term development process. To achieve stability and improve this process, it is necessary to develop a broader economy with more diverse resources (Cornell, 2011). Brief Topic Descript ion Sufficient resources are the primary asset for economic development of countries. Countries are endowed differently with the resources; some have many resources whereas others limited capacity. In addition, some of the resources are underutilized/ignored with respect to others. This research focuses on the economic development issues in Azerbaijan. Specifically, the limitation of resources in stabilizing the economy and achieving modernization has been examined. The research also employs some of the theories of comparative politics such as the modernization and independence theories. Finally, the study uses several levels of analysis to gain a better understanding of the situation. Significance of the Research Study of this topic is of much significance in shedding light about the potential of diversifying resources to achieve economic stability and modernization. Resources diversification is important and an essential component of development. Therefore, this study unveils its influence in the economic development of Azerbaijan. Research Question This research will be guided by the following research question: Should the Azerbaijan government to diversify the country’s economy resources to achieve stability and move forward with modernization? Hypothesis Diversifying Azerbaijan’s economic resources is a positive mechanism towards stabilizing the economy as well as modernizing it.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Definition of Terms The following terms will be utilized in this research; Diversification: This is a technique of investing in a wide variety of sectors to minimize the risk involved in specializing with one sector. Economic Stability: This is terminology describing a financial system that is experiencing very minor fluctuations in its output growth as well as maintaining a consistently lower rate of inflation. Modernization: This is a transformational process that begins from underdevelopment status to development status. Detailed topic description After the break of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan started on a transition journey from communism to market economy to enhance its stability and survival economically and politically. Azerbaijan primarily relied on its hydrocarbon resources particularly oil to achieve this goal. Development of oil resources spearheaded the country with a sustainable middle level economy. This helped Azerbaijan to combat the high poverty levels and achieve some of its development goals (Leeuw, 1998). This was short lived because this hydrocarbon resource Azerbaijan over-relied on being limited. This posed great challenges to Azerbaijan that hindered it in realizing its objectives. Therefore, a systemic transition to market economy was required coupled with effective measures. However, this systemic transition was complex as it encompassed transitions in the politi cal, economic and social aspects respectively (Baranick, and Salayeva, 2004). The political transition involves creation of states as well as establishing their identities, formulation of policies both local and foreign, and establishing of democratic institutions and their governance. Relative to economic transition, it incorporates price liberalization, expenditure stabilization, privatization of enterprises and globalization of the economy. Further to social transition, this mainly concentrates on societal development (Leeuw, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Azerbaijan Economic Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political Transition The first few years of Azerbaijan independence were marred by inevitable chaos and uncertainties (Cornell, 2010). This political turmoil led loss of territories, damage of the infrastructure and the influx of refugees. This had a destructive impact on Azerbaijan e conomy making the lives of Azerbaijan citizens very difficult. On the contrary to this, Azerbaijan witnessed significant development in democracy and other related governance issues that had not been experienced since the reign of Muslim Orient. Amongst them was an exercise of voting rights in a free and fair election where Aliyev Abulfaz Elchibey was elected the first president with a popular vote. In addition to this, Parliament, Milli Majlis, comprised of 50 members was formed to replace the Soviet supreme legislative body. The reign of Elchibey did not last long as he was divested due to failure of bringing the much awaited economic reforms. This portrayed the country’s commitment to economic development (Baranick, and Salayeva, 2004). Heydar Aliyev succeeded Elchibey and during his reign he managed to enhance political stability, economic recovery as well as to prevent state fragmentation. By initiating good foreign investment policies the Azerbaijan oil sector experienc ed massive growth enhancing economic stability and modernization. However, most critics argued that this progress was achieved at the expense of democracy and other political liberties. This is because the reign of Aliyev was characterized more of an authoritarian than democratic. In the 1995 referendum, the Azerbaijan government centralized the all powers to the executive branch, President. The reason for this was to prevent political unrest emanating from the ethnicity based conflicts which would endanger or hinder economic development (King, 2005). To worsen the situation, the executive branch initiated a plot to alter the constitution in order to secure more power. This was a big blow to democracy and its consequences had great damage to Azerbaijan smaller parties at the same time endangering their political existence and influence in nation building. This attracted outright pressure from international organizations such as the Council of Europe asking for restoration of democra cy. To date, the organization has been monitoring progress of Azerbaijan in developing democratic institutions that are effective and functional. For instance, in 2004, the council ordered the Azerbaijan government to initiate constitutional changes that would allow the separation of power upon which parliament was to retain more power than the executive to oversee running of government activities.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A country’s successful transition to democracy and stability depend solely on the efforts of lawmakers. Lawmakers during Heydar Aliyev reign mainly concentrated on maintaining political and economic stability at any cost including sacrificing democracy to achieve these objectives. The following government under President Ilham Aliyev, aimed to achieve political and economic stability by balancing democracy and the rule of law. The lawmakers of this period were divided between reformers majority who are foreign trained and conservatives. These two groups conflicted about the control of distribution structure to be used in handling substantial funds from the oil business. The Azerbaijan government operated on a pyramidal structure based on patronage, nepotism and corruption strongly influenced by regional or clan. This is one and most significant challenge facing reform process in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan government launched a program in 2005, the National Anti-Corruption Pro gram to fight corruption because of the severe impact corruption has on the destabilizing economy (Baranick, and Salayeva, 2004). Economic Transition Similarly to other former USSR nations, economic transition in Azerbaijan involved transforming the USSR communism economic system based on heavy subsidies, state owned industries and state market domination in resource allocation and price determination into a capitalist system controlled by the market economy and privatization. This transition was formally launched in 1991 under the Basic Economic Development Law. However, the transition period under Elchibey was marred with various challenges, the most disheartening being hyperinflation which hit the 1.664% mark by 1994. This was attributed to the price liberalization reforms employed in 1992. As a result the national income declined terribly from $35,006 million to $1.031 million, gross national product per capita also declined, industrial outputs decreased and the unemployment rat e was acute. Above all the factors that contributed to the downfall and challenges in the economy in these first years of independence was over-reliance on specialized economy instead of the diversified economy. The Azerbaijan economy solely depended on energy resources mostly petroleum oil (Baranick, and Salayeva, 2004). Besides over-reliance on energy resources, poor economic reforms worsened the situation. As of 1995, implementation of improved economic reforms started with the government introducing a stabilized program, Systemic Transformation Facility with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This enhanced recovery of the economy which persisted in the following years with continued reinforcement of stabilization policies from Azerbaijan government and its National Bank, for example, stabilization of Azerbaijan’s national currency (Manat) in1995-1996 to curb the high rising inflation. Alongside the technical support from various financial institution s like IMF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and so forth, oil sector was strengthened in foreign investments. This contributed to high revenues which enhanced economic growth and stabilization. In 2003, oil accounted for 40% of Azerbaijan budget revenue and 90% exports. To date, the energy sector still accounts for the largest share of Azerbaijan’s revenue and exports (United Nations 2003). Additionally, the government initiated an energy fund, State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan (SOFAZ) managed by a team of experts. This aimed at enhancing effective management of energy (oil) assets through exploration, development and production. As of October 2003, the fund had accumulated $800 million. However, this faced a major downfall due to lack of transparency and accountability. High cases of institutionalized corruption were reported. The ruling elites piled up oil revenues as well as mismanaged the resource. Likewise in political transition, corruption remains the hindrance to economic development destroying the industrial base and job creation. Despite the oil sector primarily steering economic development in Azerbaijan, relying on the one-sided economy is dangerous and may hinder development of other economic sectors like agriculture. Agriculture in Azerbaijan constituted 14.1 per cent of the total country’s gross domestic product by 2003. Azerbaijan has a favorable climate which would ensure production of many types of crops. Of the 11 climatic zones for agriculture, Azerbaijan has 9 of them. Agriculture has also experienced a big blow by poor and inadequate infrastructure which fell into disrepair during the Soviet era. Therefore. Azerbaijan farmers cannot export their products and they lack proper storage facilities for the products like refrigerators. On the other hand, brokers and wholesalers are scared of the poor infrastructure system. This forces farmers to sell their produce soon after production and for lower prices. However, there are some smaller plants for food processing emerging but the power problem is a major threat. This requires a steady supply of power and good infrastructure to ensure easy access to resources and supplies. In regards to tourism, Azerbaijan has a diverse geography stretching from its broad coastline to major mountain ski resorts. Likewise in agriculture, poor infrastructure and lack of consistent power challenges tourism. Only its capital city, Baku, has better infrastructure ranging from transportation to other sectors like health care. This also plays a part in limiting diversification of resources to other areas since all investors and companies concentrate entirely on Baku. Developing non-oil sectors and formulating favorable policies to enhance foreign investment, good infrastructure and so forth in these sectors can be a big boost in stabilizing the economy in Azerbaijan. In this respect, Azerbaijan government in 2003 initiated policies to develop non-oil sectors to stabilize the e conomy by creating more jobs, improving economic conditions, enhancing transparency and effective spending. In regards to privatization, effective private sector enhances economic development. In Azerbaijan, privatization begun as early as 1993 and is still continuing to date. By 2001, Azerbaijan government had accomplished privatization of over 29000 small enterprises but lagged behind in privatizing the big enterprises. This portrays the high commitment government has with big enterprises which mostly were related to energy (Megginson Oxford University Press 2005). To promote economic diversification a country’s need to develop its financial and physical infrastructure. Azerbaijan is facing a major challenge in developing reliable and modernized financial institutions. Restructuring of the existing banking system in Azerbaijan is taking place very slowly. This is attributed to over-reliance on foreign capital. As earlier mentioned Azerbaijan economy is mostly funded by int ernational organizations like the IMF, World Bank, ADB amongst many others. Social Transition Democratization and nation building process requires major contribution from the government and the people. As it is described democracy is a livelihood and the capacity upon which societies develop. This is facilitated by collective understanding and stabilized social consensus. However, the situation of Azerbaijan is filled with widespread apathy in politics, scattered opposition, non-satisfactory political dialogues and lack of cooperation between the government and the people. This makes the transition to democracy in Azerbaijan very difficult and complicated. Inequality amongst people in Azerbaijan is inevitable in respect to financial resources as well as opportunities to enhance ones capability and talent. There have been many internally displaced people and refugees in Azerbaijan who have not been reintegrated back to the society. To the bigger majority, no progress has been made in several years whereas the minority have grown disproportionately rich. During the 2003 elections, the political unrest emerged due the dispute in election results leading to a sour relationship of Azerbaijan government and its citizens were close to about 1000 opponents were arrested (Ottaway, 2002). Besides these obstacles in social transition, Azerbaijan people were actively fighting for democracy. Civil societies and community-based organizations emerged and teamed up with international organizations to fight for their rights. Existence of mistrust between the government and its citizens poses great harm to economic development (Ottaway, 2002). Detailed outcome description This research provides data to support the hypothesis and highlights the issue of economic development in Azerbaijan. It also suggests some solutions that help the economy to maintain long-term stability. In general, the outcome centers on the idea that the Azerbaijan government should diversify the economy wi th new resources such as agriculture, services, and tourism amongst many others. Agriculture is crucial not only Azerbaijan but in the entire world at large. Agriculture in Azerbaijan comes second in the economy behind the energy sector. This sector has the greatest growth potential in the economy because the energy sector is diminishing. Despite agriculture being second after the oil sector, it provides more employment opportunities than the energy sector. As of 2010, agriculture employed 40 percent of the entire Azerbaijan working population while the energy sector employing less than one per cent. This portrays the bigger potential and benefit/influence this sector can have on Azerbaijan economy. There are high poverty rates linked to lack of employment. Additionally, above 52 percent of the country’s territory was under agriculture due to the favorable climate and the traditional influence of rural households (Zvi Lerman, Sedik, and Sedik, 2010). On the contrary, the sect or’s share of Azerbaijan GDP was only 5.2 per cent as opposed to the energy sector which constituted above half of the total GDP. The exports from energy sector constituted 92 per cent of the countrys total exports. Agricultural sector failed to make an impact in that due to over-reliance on small scale farming. In general, agriculture performed poorer in 2010 than in the previous year. This was attributed to fall in grain production as a result of the floods and the decline in the cultivated area. This shows that there were poor agricultural policies to prevent or overcome these disasters and also ensure good prices. However, agriculture has continued to grow steadily due to the good climate and government intervention. The Azerbaijan government has reduced the value added tax on agricultural inputs, lending rates, initiated irrigation systems as well as improved the infrastructure. The Azerbaijan government considered the agricultural sector as their main priority for ensur ing economic stability and modernization amongst the non-energy resources. For this reason, it has created plans with strategic development programs to focus on the sector. This includes the Socioeconomic Development of Regions for 2009-2013, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development for 2008-2015 and the State Program for the reliable provision of population with foodstuffs in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2008-2015. Contrary to the efforts the government has invested in agriculture, agriculture still has little influence in economic development. This is because the rural population is still relying hugely on remittances. More to this, the land management practices, agricultural services and credits, agricultural inputs and privatization incentives are poor. Furthermore, the high number of refugees and internally displaced persons dealt the agricultural sector and other sectors as well a major blow in reduction of poverty. As far as the financial system is concerned, Azerbaija n has made rapid expansion of this sector. This triggered the rise in number of financial institutions to above 200 which were further reduced to 44. Besides the reduction, only two banks, Kapital Bank and International Bank of Azerbaijan (IBA) partially owned by the state dominated controlling more than half of the oil assets in the sector. As of 2006, a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) indicated that the financial sector had expanded by over 60 per cent. However, the ratio of GDP to banking assets was below 20 per cent. This reflected the small contribution the sector was making in the financial growth. Although there was a rapid expansion of the system, the system remains fragmented and under capitalized. Therefore, further reforms are required to promote efficiency and confidence to mobilize more savings for investment purposes. The low ratio portrayed that this sector had a growth potential which when well capitalized can serve the economic demands for credit especially at this moment it is diversifying away from mainly relying on oil alone. To add on, the under capitalized banks are at the risk of collapsing in the event of economic shocks which will further destabilize economic development. Dominance by one financial institution like it is with oil is a threat to other financial institutions. Likewise in other non-energy sectors, Azerbaijan has a big potential in the tourism industry. Azerbaijan is endorsed with many fascinating sites like the ancient cities, fortresses, palaces, mausoleums, mosques and so forth. On top of this, it mostly famous for its features of eternal fire, the â€Å"atashgehs,† for example, Yanardag-the blazing mountain in Absheron. Over decades now, fire worshippers from Azerbaijan and even other countries mainly India has visited the place in search of the fire. Furthermore, Azerbaijan has above 6000 historical monuments. Apart from this, is also known for its favorable agricultural cl imate having 9 climate zones of the existing 11 worldwide. In spite of all these fascinating sites for tourism, Azerbaijan gains little revenue from the sector which is insignificant to its economic development. The majority of this revenue was generated from domestic tourism. Nevertheless, the progress in developing the sector has been ongoing in the years since 2000. According to the experts view, Azerbaijan can accommodate about 22 to 25 million tourists per year. In 2011, Azerbaijan had 2 million visitors which portray they is a big gap to fill in this sector (ESCAP (Bangkok) Seminar on poverty alleviation through sustainable tourism development 2005). Recommendations/solutions Based on the above outcomes of the economic situation in Azerbaijan, the following solutions will speed up the process of diversification. Azerbaijan government should concentrate on implementing effective economic development programs in regards to the non-energy sector. As stated in this research, Azer baijan has a great potential in economic and human resources, historical heritage and unique natural environment. For instance, in agriculture, the Azerbaijan government considers the agricultural sector as their main priority in ensuring economic stability and modernization amongst the other non-energy resources. Azerbaijan has a favorable climate for agriculture satisfying 9 out of the 11 climatic zones preferred for farming. As indicated above, major efforts have been invested in agriculture but the efforts are not enough and effective. Relative to service industry we consider Azerbaijan banking sector. This sector as indicated is comprised of many financial institutions but only a few dominate. To enhance economic development and modernization, the financial sector must also be modernized to empower the development of other sectors by providing credit and loans. Therefore, the financial sector has to improve its corporate governance, encourage consolidation and privatization. Th e Azerbaijan government owned Kapital Bank and the majority shares in the IBA, 52.7 per cent. With respect to tourism, Azerbaijan has broad fascinating resources for tourism. Azerbaijan has to develop beaches, hotels and recreation facilities along its Caspian coastline. Relative to the hotels, Azerbaijan has only 6 five star hotels and very few 3 to 4-star hotels for budget tourists (ESCAP (Bangkok) Seminar on poverty alleviation through sustainable tourism development 2005). Developing the above sectors and other potential sectors will ensure development of the country’s remote and peripheral areas, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises, creation of new employment opportunities, and restoration of infrastructure. Nevertheless, the management of the resources would require accountability and transparency using effective monitoring mechanisms both in the public and private sector (ESCAP (Bangkok) Seminar on poverty alleviation through sustainable tourism developme nt 2005). With regards to oil revenues, good governance should be embraced in the distribution and use of this primary source of revenue to uplift other sectors of the economy. As mentioned above, institutionalized corruption of SOFAZ delayed development of other sectors. Another important solution to diversification, is finalizing of the privatization process especially for the biggest business. This would eliminate monopoly in certain sectors of the economy and improve the competitiveness of goods in the domestic market. In return, this would be of much benefit to the ordinary Azerbaijan consumers. On the political scene, Azerbaijan government should initiate more clear and democratic policies to enhance good governance and relationship with its citizens. In addition, the government should embrace effective running of the government institutions and implementation of the adopted policies. As noted, inefficiency in implementation of policies or running of government institutions wa s a hindrance in achieving economic stability and modernization (Bongers, McCallum, United Nations Human Settlements Programme World Association of Cities and Local Authorities Coordination 2003). Furthermore, the government should formulate effective social reforms to reintegrate the displaced persons and the refugees in the society. Moreover, equality should be upheld in solving the immediate needs and challenges facing Azerbaijan such as housing, employment, poverty and many more (United Nations 2003). Comparative Analysis and Debate This research applies theories levels of analysis to shape the debate about whether or not Azerbaijan should have a comprehensively developed economy with diverse resources in order to ensure its stability and modernization. Two theories have been applied in this research, modernization and dependency. These theories have notable similarities and many differences as well. The theories provide valid information and explanations pertaining to developm ent and underdevelopment. Likewise, two levels of analysis, systemic and sub-systemic will be applied in this research. These systems explain underdevelopment in Azerbaijan and need to stabilize the economy to achieve long term development (United Nations 2003). In regards to modernization theory, the following questions are necessary in the theoretical analysis. What causes the economic stability of a country to rise, endure or fall? Does democracy evolve or diminish as a result of economic development? Democracy falls in which economic development level? The above questions are sufficiently answered by comparing two theories, modernization and dependency relating to economic development and democracy. These questions also help to define the mechanism existing economic development and aspects of political regimes. The research about the relationship between democracy and economic development has been widely covered than any topic in comparative politics (Hauss, 2008). The majority of these studies has shown that the levels of economic development and democracy are strongly tied. There are two different factors why this relationship is possible: democracy has a high likelihood of occurring when a country is developing economically or it may develop independent of the economic development. However, democracy has high chances of surviving in a developed country. The first factor is endogenous whereas the second is exogenous. By comparing the two regimes, we assert that democracy occurs when dictatorship ends. Hence, the notion that democracy is dependent on economic development is similar to the saying that dictatorship in a country ends soon the country develops economically. Therefore, democracy edges out dictatorship through economic development (Przeworski, and Limongi, 1997). Surveys conducted in different countries show that as a country develops economically, its social structure extensities-civilization, and labor, it requires considerable involvement of employees. Furthermore, other new groups and activities arise. As a result of this, dictatorship loses its effectiveness as the changes occurring empower people with autonomy, privacy and freedom. Using the endogenous factor, modernization theory takes effect in this. This theory describes democratization to be achieved after the economy develops. Modernization involves differentiating and specializing the social structures. This is done to distinguish the two aspects from from political structures. The main goal of this process is to create democracy. These processes include industrialization, urbanization, mobilization, education, political incorporation, communication and many more. In short, this is diversification of the economy. Therefore, according to modernization theory, democracy is dependent on economic development. It is assumed that if a country advances economically, like the developed countries, there is a higher probability of political democracy persisting (Przewor ski, and Limongi, 1997). Therefore, modernization is termed as one of the factors why economic development is linked with democracy. The sense that a country becomes democratic after developing economically portrays democracy as endogenous. That is, it comes as a result of development under authoritarian system. This implies that a poor authoritarian country would develop and become democratic after reaching a certain level of economic development. On the contrary, an authoritarianism / dictatorship would end because of other forms of influences thus democracy would still be achieved. The majority of European countries achieved their democracies as a result of wars but not modernization. On the other hand, other democracies fell due to the demise of their leader, foreign pressures and economic crises. Modernization theorists concentrate on the socio-political and cultural factors and impact of economic development (Przeworski, and Limongi, 1997). Relative to the dependency theory, i t looks at the interaction between developing and developed countries. This theory appears as an opposing theory of the interaction based on free market theory. It was developed to challenge the economic policies of free markets during the post war era. Therefore, dependency theory shows that a few established countries that are supplied by the developing countries at their own expense. This implies that third world countries depend on the developed nations because they send resources, and they may or may not get compensations. This theory holds that developed countries put their developing counterparts under pressure through tough economic forces like instituting sanctions or proscribing trading policies which are attached to loans provided by the IMF or World Bank (Johnson, Turner Turner, 2003). The dependency theory further posits that there is an increment in dependency as time passes. The developed nations take the advantage of the vast resources to develop unfair policies whi ch oppress the developing countries. In addition, the developed countries avoid criticisms from the developing countries. This strategy favors and creates economic security of the developed countries at the expense of the underdeveloped countries. Therefore, the developing countries continue to lose wealth to the developed countries. This causes poverty in developing countries, and this situation forces these countries to get loans from the developed countries. The developing countries accumulate huge debts, and this increases their dependency on the developed countries. Generally, dependency theory emphasizes that lack of development in underdeveloped countries occurs is attributed the international capitalist system that keeps the third world countries like Azerbaijan underdeveloped. Azerbaijan is influenced by other European countries under the Council of Europe and is dependent on loans from IMF and World Bank amongst other international financial institutions (United Nations., and Economic Commission for Europe. 2003). As per the systemic level of analysis, it has two regimes, the post-Cold War and the post-9/11. The post-Cold War regime was characterized by the change in the international system to a capitalist system whereas the post-9/11 refers to the war on terrorism that left countries torn apart and in conflicts with one another. This approach will evaluate how both regimes affected the development process in Azerbaijan. Regarding to post-Cold War regime, Azerbaijan suffered unrest after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although Azerbaijan was relatively quiescent during the progress of the Cold War, it suffered conflicts with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. Apart from the political conflicts, other conflicts related to religious militancy, terrorism and competition over the limited resources intensified causing instability which further affected the international relations of these countries. Similarly to the post-Cold War, post-9/11 also contribut ed to political unrest and deterioration of international relations between the United States and Muslim related countries (Burnell Randall, 2008). Further to the sub-systemic analysis level, the phenomenon about Azerbaijan underdevelopment will be examined through its political system, political culture, leadership and decision making policies for the government. The Azerbaijan political system was under the authoritarian rule where the economy first developed and later started to fall. This was attributed to the political culture of institutionalized corruption which affected the government. The leadership was based on dictatorship where only the class of state building elites controlled decision making (Atakishiyev, 2007). Debate It is necessary for the Azerbaijan economy to continue depending on the Petroleum productions and the oil prices. The country should use the wealth for development, which will help move forward to modernize. As opposed to diversification, specializing i n the oil sector has proved successful in Azerbaijan. To date, oil is the main contributor of the country’s revenue. In addition, most of the exports also come from this sector. This revenue has been used to develop the country’s economy, and a good progress has been observed for years. One sector is easy to manage effectively, unlike many sectors (Atakishiyev, 2007). By contrast, diversification of the economy is the key in achieving economic stability and modernization. As studies have shown, countries that are developed are those with a diversified economy. In respect to Azerbaijan, diversification is highly required. Despite the oil sector being dominant in Azerbaijan economy, there is a major risk of exhausting the natural resource which will leave the country in a stalemate, destabilized and non- modernized. On the basis of this research, Azerbaijan has a great potential of economic resources ranging from agriculture, financial institutions to tourism. Besides, t he little efforts by Azerbaijan in these sectors, they have portrayed change to the economy. Therefore, by diversifying its economy, Azerbaijan would realize economic stability and modernization within a short time. Conclusion This research has successfully proved that diversification of economic resources is the key to achieving economic stability and modernization. Azerbaijan has mainly relied on the energy sector since independence; however, it has other potential resources which are underutilized. The outcome of this research has helped us to understand the economic development of countries which are reliant on single sector/resources like Azerbaijan. However, over reliance on one sector has contributed to the underdevelopment of countries. This research has shown that such a system is at the risk of collapsing once the resource exhausts or due to other factors. These other factors include democracy. The modernization theory has emphasized on the impact of democracy to achieving economic stability and modernization regardless of relying on a single or multiple sectors. Contrary to this, the dependence theory proves that the hindrance to development and modernization is dependence on developed countries which end up indebting them. In regards to levels analysis, underdevelopment of a country is as a result of local and international influence. In systemic analysis, countries fail to develop due to external influence like war and terrorism with destroying the international relations. On sub-systemic analysis, internal influence play center role in underdevelopment of the country. On all these fronts the impact is massive on country relying on a single economic resource. Therefore, Azerbaijan should diversify its economic resources to stabilize and modernize to overcome the risk factors associated with specialization References Atakishiyev, M. (2007). New oil policy and economic development in Azerbaijan. Baku: Aspoligraf. Baranick, M. J., and Salayeva, R. (2 004). State-Building in a Transition Period: The Case of Azerbaijan. The Cornwallis Group X: Analysis for New and Emerging Societal Conflicts, 208-217. Bongers, P. N., McCallum, D., United Nations Human Settlements Programme., World Association of Cities and Local Authorities Coordination. (2003). Partnership for local capacity development: Building on the experiences of city-to-city cooperation. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Burnell, P. J., Randall, V. (2008). Politics in the developing world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cornell, S. E. (2011). Azerbaijan since independence. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. Cornell, S. E. (2011). Azerbaijan since independence. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. ESCAP (Bangkok)., Seminar on poverty alleviation through sustainable tousim development. (2005). The contribution of tourism to poverty alleviation. Bangkok: UN. Economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP. Hauss, C. (2008). Comparative politics: Domestic res ponses to global challenges. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Johnson, D., Turner, T. Turner, D. J. (2003). International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy. New York: Routledge. King, D. C. (2005). Azerbaijan. New York: Marshall Cavendish. Leeuw, C.. (1998). Azerbaijan: A quest for identity. New York: St. Martins Press. Megginson, W. L., Oxford University Press. (2005). The financial economics of privatization. New York: Oxford University Press. Ottaway, M. (2002). Democracy challenged: The rise of semi-authoritarianism. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Przeworski, A., and Limongi, F. (1997). Modernization: Theories and Facts. World Politics, 4(2), pp. 155-183 United Nations. (2003). Managing globalization in selected countries with economies in transition. New York, N.Y: United Nations. United Nations. (2003). Managing globalization in selected countries with economies in transition. New York, N.Y: United Nations. United Nations., and Economic Commission for Europe. (2003).Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy: Azerbaijan: Country Readiness Assessment Report. Washington, DC.: United Nations Publications. Zvi Lerman, Sedik, D., and Sedik, D. J. (2010). Rural Transition in Azerbaijan. New York: Lexington Books.

Change and continuity

They are able to figure out the wind and monsoon patterns. Mediterranean sailors use square sails, long banks of oars, ships are nailed together. Indian Ocean sailors use triangular sails, no oars, and tied ships. Impact: Africa provides exotic animals, wood, and ivory. Somalia and Southern Arabia provide frankincense and myrrh. Less valuable than Mediterranean Sea. Isolate ports that lack fresh water. In 1200 The rising prosperity of Asian, Euroopean, and African states stimulate the expansion of trae in the Indian Ocean. Luxuries for the wealthy-precious metals and jewls, rare spices, fine textiles, and other manufactures. Contstruction of larger ships makes shipments of buk cargoes of ordinary cotton textiles, pepper, food grans (rice, wheat, barley), timber horses, and other goods profitable. Collapse of the mongol empire- disrupts overland trade routes across Central Asia, the Indian Ocean routes assumed greater strataegic importance in tying together the peoples of Eurasia and Africa. 1200-1500 Dhow is a cargo and passenger ship of the Arabian sea. They all have a hull construction. The hulls consist of planks that were sewn together, not nailed. Cord made of fiber from the husk of coconuts or other materials was passed through rows of holed drilled in the planks. Marco Polo fancifully suggested that it in dictated sailors’ fear that large ocean magnets would pull any nails out of their ships. The second distinctive feature of the dhows was their trianglular (lateen) sails made of palm leaves or cotton. The sails were suspended from tall masts and could be turned to catch the wind. Junk is the largest and most technologically advancd and most seaworth vessel of this time. Developed in china. Built from spruce or fir planks held toether by massive nails. The space below the deck was dived into watertight comspace below the deck was dived into watertight compartments to minimize floodin g in case of damage to the ship’s hull. Ibn Battuta, the largest junks have twelve sails made of bamboo and carried a crew of a thousand men. A large junk might have up to a hundred passenger cabins and could carry a cargo of over 1,000 tons. Trade is decentralized and cooperative. Comercial interest, rather than political authorities, tied several distinct regional networks together. Indian Ocean Use predictable monsoon winds and dhows. Islam gives Indian Ocean trade a boost. They provide a demand for resources and tie the region together. Operates independently of states. Ming dynasty does get involved. 1405-1433 Voyages of Zheng He Commands expeditions of the Ming dynasty. He is a Chinese Muslim with ancestral connection in the Persian Gulf. 1497-1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India Sailed around Africa and reached India. He becomes suspicious of the Muslim rulers intentions. His arrival in India leaves a bad impression on Calicut-the ruler of Calicut is not interested. 1505 Portuguese bombard Swahili Coast cities 1510 Portuguese take Goa Portuguese take Malacca Focus of attention after India. It is the 15th century’s main entrepot (a place where goods are stored and then distributed from. ) 1515 Portuguese take Hormuz 1535 Portuguese take Diu 1538 Portuguese defeat Ottoman fleet 1539 Portuguese aid Ethiopia Indian Ocean Trade vs. Trade in the Americas The reason that the Indian Ocean region prospered while the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires declined was because trade via the sea was a huge asset that none of these empires had (Safavid had minor ports but not enough to compete with European and New World countries. The innovation that was occurring between ship design, navigation, and cannons gave Europe a massive advantage. The Joint-stock exchange also causes these empires to fall behind in trade. Although the majority of sea traders were European, the majority of non-European traders were Islamic. The main reason that the empires fell in standing of the world is because they were strongly land based and simply did not have the resources to convert so much time and resources to the development that would have been needed to compete in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Localisation the workplace in UAE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Localisation the workplace in UAE - Essay Example In the later section of this paper, the case study of of Emiratization in practice is presented to identify the issues in the implementation of Emiratization (employing UAE nationals) programmes. The findings of the study demonstrate some of the complexities in implementing Emiratization. The complexities that were identified in implementing Emirazatization were management commitment, quantitative evaluation methods, resistance to change and the role of expatriates in implementing Emiratization programmes. The implication of the research also identified areas for future research. The areas were identified in the study that needs future research are; Political leaders in the Middle East knew that their dependence on expatriate workforce has has serious long-term political, economic and social consequences (Al-Lamki, 1998). Such, the region has implemented nationalization strategies to employ nationals(citizens) instead of foreigners/expatriates. This initiative has various names in the region such as Omanization, Saudization and Emiratization. These nationalization strategies attempts to integrate HRM policies and practices in the change management practices (going to nationalization from employing expatriates to a local national) (Mellahi and Wood, 2001).is a topic in HR literature which lacks research at present (Hallier, 1993; Palthe and Kosseck, 2003; Mendenhall et al., 2003; Ruona and Gibson, 2004; Sheehan, 2005). At the outset nationalization strategies seemed to be associated with globalization, economic growth and reform, and competitiveness (Al-Dosary, 2004; Looney, 2004; Mellahi and Wood, 2002). Thus, nationalization strategies is an international issue albeith Middle Eastern leaders have implemented nationalization policies that are specific to their own countries. This initiative however is not exclusive to Middle East. Similar parallel programs can be seen in countries such as Malaysia (Ahmad et al., 2003), Zimbabwe, South

SolidWorks CFD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SolidWorks CFD - Assignment Example There are several commercial CFD packages accessible for modeling flow in or around objects in the fluid dynamics. The computer simulations display structures and details that are expensive, difficult or impossible to measure or visualized experimentally. When simulating the flow airfoils, transmission of laminar to turbulent flow plays a significant role in determining the stream features and in enumerating the airfoil, performance such as lift and drag. Hence, the proper modeling of transition, including both the onset and the extent of the transition will lead to more accurate drag prediction. The beginning of development is on Michel`s methods of incompressible two-dimensional flow while the degree of the change is quantified by evolving a prototypical for the intermittency role. The shape of pressure distribution is directly related to the airfoil performance. The relationship between the airfoil geometry and airfoil pressure can be predicted numerically solving the relevant equation. Pressure increases as we move further from the surface. This means that the surface pressure is lower than the pressure far away II. Graphing Calculator: Pacific Tech Graphing Calculator can be considered as a device for rapidly visualizing Math Type and equation which is strained from the users without complex dialog boxes or commands. III. Maple soft, Math & Engineering Software: Maplesoft is one of the leading developers of interactive mathematical software such as Maple. It`s suitable for products harnesses the power of mathematics. IV. Math Media - Math Media Educational Software: It’s a Macintosh and Windows software designed for math education. It`s also Curriculum based, interactive, programs which are used with instructions from which students can practice on their own. V. Math Strategies – Pixel Graphics: This software is an educational program from Pixel Graphics that combines two concepts; that is: the arcade action

Six steps to writing a successful narrative Essay Example for Free

Six steps to writing a successful narrative Essay A narrative should be able to tell a story, whether it relates to fiction or non-fiction ideas. In writing any form of literary narrative, several steps should be followed to arrive at a coherent and consistent whole. The first step involves the identification of an appropriate topic, that which stirs the best interest of the target reader. It is in this first step that the attention of the reader will be established. Secondly, the major details that will be interwoven into the storyline must be gathered, included in which are the characters, setting, conflict and the events that make up the plot. Without this, the narrative may be exposed into several risks like, disorganized thoughts and missing details. It may further contribute confusion to readers since this part lays all the foundations of pre-creating a story. Subsequently, the results of the gathered information must undergo the assessment of an instructor or any learned narrative writer. This serves as a guide whether supplementary accounts must be added or eliminated. The fourth step, which necessarily deals with the construct of an outline, takes account of the introduction, the main events and the conclusion. Gathered details are coherently fabricated according to the writer’s choice of style, whether for a tone of whodunit, essay, poems etc. It is best to evaluate the details of this next step through sensory details. Moreover, transitions and dialogues must be properly observed to help guide the readers on the events the writer tries to show. For corrections to the written work, editing and proofreading courtesy of an instructor constitute the fifth step. Finally, the corrected story can now be shared among others to live up the ideas incorporated in it. References http://yennadon. sd42. ca/online/langarts/narrative/narrativewriting. html (July 2007) http://www. bookrags. com/articles/7. html ( July 2007)

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays: Boo and Tom Misunderstood :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Boo and Tom Misunderstood in To Kill a Mockingbird In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Atticus tells Jem and Scout to, "Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird," he is referring to the notion that a mockingbird is a harmless creature and does nothing but sing and bring happiness to the world. Harper Lee takes the title for her novel from this passage because the imagery of the mockingbird is analogous to the characters of both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. These two characters are "harmless songbirds" who are sinfully destroyed. Although Boo Radley only actually physically appears in the story once, he serves two essential purposes. At the beginning of the novel, Boo serves as an enigma to the children, giving them something to make the focal point of their games, as well as a topic of conversation. As the story unfolds, it becomes clear that Boo embodies more character than most of the citizens of Maycomb, emerging as a symbol of what is truly just and right. Boo stands up for what he believes is right, no matter what people think of him. In the beginning of the story, Boo represents the unknown. The children wonder about Boo and his strange way of life, but really have no concept of who he is. At first, the children ask questions about Boo with regards to his "weird" living style. When this does not satisfy their curiosities, they make up games and stories about Boo which present him as being a monster. At one point, the children invade the Radley property in hopes of finding some clue which will better explain Boo's character As the story progresses, Boo becomes more of a symbol of kindness and bravery than that of the "town freak" which he is made out to be. Boo leaves presents for the children in the hollow trunk of an old tree, as well as covers Scout with a blanket during Miss Maudie's fire. However, it is not until he saves Jem and Scout's life from the hands of the deranged Mr. Ewell, that Boo shows his true heroic character. Even though Boo is a physically weaker man, he shows no fear when it comes to protecting Jem and Scout's life. It is not until after this rather odd episode that Scout is finally able to come to terms with her true feelings towards Boo.

A Room with a View and a Room of One’s Own: Similarities in Anti-Victorian Themes

In reading â€Å"A Room with a View† and â€Å"A Room of One’s Own† I find that the two novels show similarities in their anti-Victorian themes. The conformity of the Victorian era is a concept of the past in these novels; both plots showcase a woman’s growth mentally and emotionally. In Victorian times women thinking freely or having goals was frowned upon, making any form of female growth go completely against the brain. Feminist themes and ideas are brought up throughout the text.The main characters of the two novels depict the early signs of the â€Å"new woman.† In â€Å"A Room with a View† Lucy goes through a maturation process where she finds her passionate qualities that have been repressed her whole life. â€Å"The following morning she realizes that: â€Å"It was pleasant to wake up in Florence, to open the eyes upon a bright bare room†¦ with a painted ceiling whereon pink griffins and blue amorini sport in a forest of yellow violins and bassoons.† Lucy’s poetic voice shows the reader that she is in tune with nature. George opens her mind to the concept of art for art sake, by teaching her to just appreciate the everyday nuances of life. The text shows Lucy’s journey from being raised to conform to becoming a free spirit ready to take on life and nature with a new zest.â€Å"A Room of One’s Own† shows the growth of a woman by depicting her climb from social futility. There is a theme of discrimination, through the denial of wealth to women throughout the book. When the narrator goes to the college dinner she notes that â€Å"the women eat a very plain and dull dinner while the men are served a rich and sumptuous lunch.† Women were treated like second-class citizens; this leads her to â€Å"scorn the poverty of her sex.†Her mentality is soon changed upon receiving her inheritance. Instead of living a life where only a few odd jobs were available to women or being a housewife, she is free to pursue the life she wants. This separates her from most women who at that time, were busy with either a low paying job or a family. She now has time to think. â€Å"One cannot think well or dine well without money.† Her view on life completely changes â€Å" I need not hate any man; he cannot hurt me. I need not flatter any man; he has nothing to give me.† She has achieved independence not common to women of the time.

Fall of Icarus Poems

After reading Landscape With The Fall of Icarus by William Carlos Williams and Musee Des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden, a clear idea is present. Both authors seem to minimize the importance of Icarus’s death, but with what intent? In both poems, self-concern outweighs any intentions to help Icarus. It is clear to me what the authors were trying to express by implying that people simply had their own things to do, too used to disaster to even care about anyone besides themselves.In the Landscape With The Fall Of Icarus, Williams makes it clear that people are too concerned with themselves to notice anything happening around them. That idea started to become present when Williams wrote â€Å"the edge of the sea concerned with itself†. This quote demonstrates how everyone only cared about what they were doing. The message was very clear to me when the poem said â€Å"insignificantly off the coast there was a splash quite unnoticed this was Icarus drowning†.The way Willi ams used the word â€Å"insignificantly† while describing Icarus’s fall made me think that he wanted to give the impression that Icarus’s fall was not important to anyone and it was just another daily tragedy. In the Musee des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden, the message Auden was trying to give seems to jump out of the page. For example, a quote from the poem says â€Å"how everything turns away Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may Have heard the Splash, the forsaken cry, But for him it was not an important failure†.This quote clearly shows how people can so easily turn from disaster without a second thought. And even though someone may have heard the splash and the cry, it was not an â€Å"important failure† to them because he was not affected. I think Auden meant the reason for people’s selfishness, when it comes to disaster, to be from how used they were to tragedy. If disaster is an often occurrence, it’s harder to be a s affected from it. The first lines of Musee de Beaux Arts are â€Å"About suffering they were never wrong, The old Masters: how well they understood Its human position: how it takes place†.This beginning to the poem demonstrates that same idea: that people are accepting of suffering. People understood its human position; they understood how it takes place. This is why I think Auden made Icarus’s death seem unimportant, simply because people were so used to it. Also, the last lines of Auden’s poem were â€Å"the expensive delicate ship that must have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on. This quote from the text seems to give a clear answer to why Icarus’s death seemed so unimportant; it was simply because people were too caught up in their own business to care for each other’s. As you can see, Icarus’s death in the poems Landscape With The Fall Of Icarus and Musee des Beaux Arts seemed very unimportant. By reading the poems carefully, you can see the two author’s meaning behind this, which was that people were too concerned with themselves to care.

Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarros biography Evita Essays

Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarros biography Evita Essays Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarros biography Evita Paper Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarros biography Evita Paper Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarros biography Evita is a cogent work that incorporates the childhood, acting career, political emergence, and subsequent adoration of the Argentine populace. Arguing that Evitas underprivileged childhood is the explanatory variable for her future actions, goals, and ambitions, the authors assert that Evita shou7ldered the burden of Argentinas poor workers, or descamisados, and by doing so, solidified the regime of her husband Juan Peron. Utilizing a thematic and chronological style, Fraser and Navarro clearly demonstrate that politically, socially, and economically Evita Maria Duarte de Peron strove her entire life to overcome the scarring poverty induced by her childhood and prevent others from suffering a similar fate. Evita was born on the featureless pampas in the hinterland of Argentina in 1919 a bastard child. Such a second marriage between her mother and an already married public servant were not unusual in the era,1 yet her father Juan Duartes return to his first family in a neighboring town impoverished mother dona Juana and her five illegitimate children. 2 Determining to abandon such a dismal life, and the unpromising future that poverty on the pampas entailed, Eva left her small town of Junin in 1935 to pursue a dream of becoming an actress when she was merely fifteen. Evita, even at this tender age, was ambitious, for she ad no money, little education, and no proven talents, but she wanted to conquer the city and be a star. 3 Experiencing little success, Evita scraped by as a mediocre actress in theatre, radio soap operas, and even starred ina few motion pictures until her star crossed with that of Juan Peron, an up and coming military officer in the military government that had ousted civilian rule in 1943. They met during a fundraiser for the destitute families of an Andean earth quake that had rocked the western city of San Juan, and she shortly thereafter became his mistress. Again demonstrating her resolve and desire to make something of herself, Evita had merely loaded up a truck with her own possessions, took them to Perons apartment, and told the girl who was living with the colonel to leave. 4 Again and again, as the authors demonstrate, Evita sought to alter her prescribed position in the social strata of Argentina. So, as it was, for the first year and a half of their life together Peron and Evita lived not as collaborators, but as colonel and mistress,5 which was not an approved action by Perons military contacts. This unsavory relationship contributed Evita to become a liability, both militarily and politically, and even led to Perons brief imprisonment by the Navy in 1945. However, the authors point out that, even at this early stage of Peronism, Evita was becoming an integral part of Perons propaganda machine, using the experience and contacts garnered through radio to slant the medias portrayal of events in a favorable light towards her lover. 6 When Peron and Evita emerged victorious overlooking the crowd of shirtless working-class supporters in the Plaza de Mayo in 1945, Evita achieved the dream of shedding her past. She was soon married to Peron (for no Argentinean head of state had ever blatantly lived with a mistress), president of one of the richest nations that arose out of the ashes of the Second World War. Evita even doctored her birth and marriage certificates to hide her illegitimacy, thus fully transforming herself from rags to riches. She consciously wore extravagant jewelry and clothing in an effort to convey this image. As the woman once said to a critic, Look, they want to see me beautiful. Poor people dont want someone to protect them who is old and dowdy. They all have their dreams about me and I dont want to let them down. 8 Evita took this personal belief even further by using her influence with Peron and his new labor party to help out the destitute. After returning from a highly publicized tour of Europ e (further signifying her socio-economic transformation), Evita began to take a greater interest in the politic of her husbands regime. Actively seeking to become the Bridge of Love between Peron and his constituency, she established the Eva Peron Foundation, funded by the government, to aid the destitute. 9 It is the role that she had the most lasting political influence, for the system of patronage that Evita established continually delivered the working class vote to Peron. By virtually forcing unions to donate gifts to her foundation, Evita gained a considerable amount of capital for her social programs an estimated 200 million (USD) in 1973. In fact, giving was so widespread that it had to be viewed as an alternative form of taxation. 10 Some of this money was given as direct aid to those that wrote her and came to her office,11 some for basic necessities like shoes and pots,12 and some was used for ambitious projects like nursing homes and primary schools in Buenos Airess poorest barrios. 13 However, all were used to further the political career of Peron, even though Evita was genuinely concerned about the welfare of the masses. For example, Perons image was on each wall of every hospital or home built by the Foundation. 4 Yet the results were undeniable, for many citizens entered what Fraser and Navarro deemed the New Argentina through these ambitious programs. Through a personal desire to eradicate poverty based on her own childhood circumstances, Eva became the integral link between unions, the masses and Peron, and was thus just as integral to Peronism as Peron himself. Evita Perons life and political ambitions of becoming vice president were cut short, however, in 1952 by cancer of the uterus. Millions idolized their beloved Evita and her death even spurred one union to lobby Rome for her canonization. 5 There is much strength in Fraser and Navarros book, one being the relative objective stance taken by the authors. Making not drastic claims about their subject, the authors avoided both the deification and vilification of the women. They accurately portray Evita as a multi-faceted person who struggled with her past, was mesianically devoted to her husband, yet also erred, completely recreating her past and blatantly lying in her autobiography. Fraser and Navarro do not choose sides in the sinner/saint debate, but merely distill the myth s from the truths. For example, the authors carefully noted that Evita, during her acting career, had on one rare occasion slept with the producer to obtain a role. 16 But she became quite successful by 1939 out of hard work and establishing connections at the office of a movie magazine, not by becoming a putita. 17 Another example of the authors carefully weighing of the historical evidence is the books treatment of her slow demise. Evitas increasingly disjointed public utterances toward the end of her life were not a call for the use of political violence as some critics claim, but merely because of the pain induced by her cancer. 8 Fraser and Navarro do not merely produce a one-sided, polarized debate on the life of Evita, but a nuanced, balanced, and accurate portrayal of her rise to international fame. Additionally, the authors sustain their argument from the introduction to the epilogue. Although each chapter deals with a specific theme or era in the life of Evita, all address the womans desire t o change her social status. Not only do the authors construct a cogent argument about the life of Evita, but also give the reader a holistic picture of post-World War Two Argentina. Through the protagonist, her husband, descriptions of the international political setting, Argentinas ISI economic model, and the class and political alliances developed during Peronism, all facets of Argentine society are addressed. The life of Evita is admirably not portrayed in an economic, political, or sociological vacuum. Another laudable feature of the biography is the style. The diction is easily understood and is not packed with convoluted academic jargon that leads to confusion (most likely due to Frasers journalistic background). The authors are direct, clear, and animated. For example, the aforementioned quote concerning Evitas Cinderella portrayal paints a vivid portrait in the readers mind of the womans determination to transform herself. Additionally, the assigning of individual chapters specific categories (such as wife of the President or the gift of giving) creates a work that allows the reader to focus on one issue at a time and thus understand the isolated chronology of her childhood, struggles in Buenos Aires, and political contributions that does not sacrifice the readers perception of historical time. Other features of the book aid the reader, namely the addition of an index, illustrations, and a concise bibliography for those interested in a more in depth study of the subject. Perhaps the greatest asset of the work is Fraser and Navarros use of sources. They use first hand accounts like priests conversations with Evita, newspaper articles of the era, personal interviews conducted by the authors, and original documents written by Evita and Juan Peron. In short, the reader can be assured that Evita is a reliable and scholarly work. The authors took great pains to be thorough and researched many different kinds of sources. The book is not without its flaws however. In my opinion, the authors treatment of the worlds reaction to Evita, particularly that of other Latin American nations, was neglected. Although it may be beyond the scope of the biography, it would have been useful to compare Evita with other Latin American women who achieved considerable political power or who were involved with mass movements. It would have also been useful for Navarro and Fraser to further develop Evitas personal life beyond extreme devotion to Peron, for they merely state: she was perpetually on guard on Perons behalf19 and that she was loyal to him because she loved him. The biography does not deal with, save the character of Lilian, any of Evitas relationships besides that of her husband. Interaction with her family, confidants, and inner circle of friends are largely ignored. However, the aforementioned criticisms do not detract from the quality of this biography. It is an intriguing work that should be read by all those interested in Latin American history. It is a stellar academic source of Eva Peron that has separated out the truth from the myth and accurately depicts Argentine society in the mid twentieth century.

Human hibernation for space travel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human hibernation for space travel - Essay Example Hibernation or winter sleep is the condition normally found in animals. Under this condition, there is a reduced heart rate with significant drop in the body temperature and metabolism. In case of mammals the body temperature reaches 2-4?C above the freezing point, while the organism consumes little oxygen as low as 2% of normal rates. Under such conditions an animal could stay without movement or food and does not require much energy (Long term space travel). The phenomenon could be exploited for humans when they travel interstellar distances. During this process activities like parks, plants, hospitals are negligible and individual is required to sleep with the onset of journey and then steady state is maintained with a slow supply of fresh air and low temperature constantly till the end of the journey. This is less energy consuming process as compared to daily routine activities (Long term space travel). In a study at North Carolina University geneticists have revealed the presenc e of genes capable of producing enzymes critical for hibernation. The presence of such genes is reported in humans. They are responsible for accountability of energy conservation process of body. Of these two genes, the first is capable of producing an enzyme that can breakdown their fat deposits to generate energy. On the other hand the second hibernation gene is concerned with conservation of glucose supply to the body. The conservation process takes care to supply required energy to central nervous system for the sustainability of life.

My Personal Development Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Personal Development Portfolio - Essay Example That being said, I still experienced some degree of cultural shock when first I arrived in the United Kingdom. For one thing, the legal system here operates with a higher degree of fairness, and the freedom of speech, too, is something, I admit, I had never experienced before. That being said, however, not all of my early experiences were pleasant. Russian being my primary language, I have no shame whatsoever admitting that learning the English language was rather difficult at first, though I’d like to think I have now been able to attain a certain degree of proficiency in it. Even so, I still intend to further improve in this endeavour. Last but not least, I aim to curb my issues regarding time management and procrastination. My Immediate Objectives My personal development plan places focus on rectifying my weaknesses. It has been my experience that among the weaknesses I mentioned, the most problematic is my still-developing prowess in the English language, not to mention my difficulties in time management and in public speaking. As early as now, then, I’d like to be able to get to address these problems early, so I can use my time later on to focus on more pressing concerns. In this case in particular, fixing my weaknesses will allow me to utilize my strengths to greater effect. For one, typing is a skill I want very much to improve on, but more importantly, I feel it necessary to further improve my command of the English language. Of course, I’m proud of the progress I’ve made on my own; so far, I’ve gotten by practicing with people I know. Formal classes may help me learn at an even faster rate, but if at all possible, I’d rather not have to spend more than I can reasonably afford to.